Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Marketing concept and role as marketer for ipt

Marketing is broad based activities involve the strategies surrounding the planning, designing, pricing, promotion, distribution of   goods to satisfy and meet the needs of customers. The centre focus of marketing activities is built around the customers. Thus, the marketing 4Ps (product, pricing, promotion, and place) are strategically enforced to bringing satisfaction to customers and at the same time make the organization or business maximize profits. Thus, the different marketing strategies; pricing strategy, distributive  strategy, promotional strategy, sales strategy, product creation and branding strategy, inter-alia, these are synchronize in meeting the marketing  objectives of the organization. Playing the role of marketer for IPT product, strategic marketing plays a significant aspect in the execution of my marketing functions. â€Å"Strategy is concerned with effectiveness rather than efficiency and is the process of analyzing the environment and designing the fit between the organization, its resources and objectives and the environment† (Proctor, 2000). The roles thus include engaging the aforementioned marketing strategies to creating maximum satisfaction to customers, at the same time maximizing profit for the organization. Firstly, a product should be design to meet and satisfy the need of customers. Here, adequate research need to be conducted to ensure that the product is adequate to satisfy customers want, also making sure the quality surpasses that of competitive products in line to the IPT product. The next step is to ensure, that the right price is set for the product in such a way that it would not be under priced, where the organization cannot break-even, or over priced where customers would prefer rival’s product to our company product. Market skimming enables the marketer to know the price of competitors’ products and the right price to set for its own product. This is done after the marketer has weighed its costs of production in line with the price it decide to set for the product. Another significant role the marketer plays promotional strategy. In this case, the creation of awareness of the product to the public will burst the sales volume to be derived. Thus, adequate promotional strategy is significant role the marketer plays to increase sales volume for the product. The promotional strategy may involve trade exhibition, personal selling, and customers’ orientation on how to utilize the product among others. The marketer has different media for product promotion. This can be done through engaging mass media such as the print media, television, radio broadcasts, or the internet. Constant communication and feedback to customers keep them informed and know more about the organization’s product and innovative trend introduced by the organization. The strategy for distribution of product (place) is done to ensure that the product is available to customers when, and where the need it at the right time. The marketer also seeks out ways to satisfy the different category of customers and their needs. Marketing segmentation is a tool that is utilized in influencing the development of an organization’s product base. Market segmentation has the goal to seek out consumers who have similar desires and behavior, and thus forming heterogeneous segments to satisfy the different customers’ needs. Thus, customers’ response to price is a significant factor that results in the implementation of market segmentation by an organization. This also affects the marketing mix (product, price, distribution, and promotion) of the organization. The marketer faces the challenge of how to make product of IPT be a product leader in the industry it operates. It is then a big task on how to always strategy in such a way to make the organization be a step ahead of its competitors through curving a niche for the organization.   Rivals from time to time bring out strategy to counter those of other organization. Thus, it is then a task of the marketer to know how to strategize in such a way that the strategies of other competitors do not affect the smooth operations of the organization. Reference Proctor, Tony (2000), Strategic Marketing: An Introduction London: Routledge   

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Mary Maloney

Ali Sobers December 9, 2010 Block 3 Lamb to the Slaughter There is more then what meets the eye, and not everyone is what they depict themselves as. In Ronald Dahl’s â€Å"Lamb to the Slaughter,† Mary Maloney, the wife of Patrick Maloney, accidentally kills her husband. Throughout the course of Dahl’s short story, Mary Maloney is portrayed as an innocent victim and a methodical criminal. In the beginning, Mary Maloney is perceived as an innocent victim. Mary Maloney is a loving and devoted wife whose husband unexpectedly leaves her.Everyday she anxiously awaits her husbands arrival home from work, â€Å"glanc[ing] up at the clock† every few minutes â€Å"merely to please herself† in anticipation of him coming home (317). Because Mary is so committed to and consumed by her marriage, she is shocked and devastated when her husband decimated their marriage. Also, Mary Maloney is six months pregnant. Mary Maloney’s skin is very smooth and has a sl eek quality â€Å"for this is her sixth month with child† (317). Mary is six months pregnant, when her husband tells her he is leaving, we feel sympathetic toward her because she thought she was going to have a wonderful married life.Finally, Mary Maloney mistakenly kills her husband. Mary Maloney is shocked and â€Å"feeling cold† when she sees her husband lying on the ground so innocent and she is still holding the preposterous â€Å"piece of meat† (320). Since Mary is so heartbroken, she could not control herself and accidentally kills her husband with a lamb leg. In the end, Mary Maloney has been represented as a methodical criminal. Mary Maloney cleverly gets rid of the murder weapon, by cooking it. She takes the weapon, the lamb leg, and â€Å"place[s] it in a pan† then she â€Å"turn[s] the oven on high† and tosses it inside (320).Since Mary did not want to get caught, she destroys the weapon by heating up the oven to cook it for dinner. The n, Mary makes up an alibi to cover up the murder. She figures out a way to â€Å"t [ell] her story about going to the grocer† and she persuades the police on her side (322). Mary, being very clever, puts together a scenario that helps covers up the crime she committed. Finally, Mary Maloney laughed and giggled. The detectives were contemplating on what the weapon is and hey were agreeing that â€Å"it is under their very own noses† and when Mary Maloney hears them she â€Å"beg [ins] to giggle† (324). Mary Maloney has sneakily tricked the policemen to eat the murder weapon and as they do so, she is proud to have accomplished her job. In The Lamb of the Slaughter, Mary Maloney is revealed as blameless and a meticulous criminal. In the end, she is determined to cover up her unintentional mistake and pretends like nothing has happened. Though times may be hard, and depressing, you should always think before you hurt somone.

Monday, July 29, 2019

History on Peugeot Automobile Nigeria Essay

Cash-strapped Peugeot Automobile Nigeria, has said that it will soon commence importation of used cars into the country in a move to shore up its revenue profile. The company’s Managing Director, Dr. Haroun Aliyu, said at a news conference held at the ongoing Kaduna International Trade Fair that since Nigeria has a large market for second hand vehicles, there was nothing wrong if PAN imported and certified such vehicles for the use of Nigerians. Justifying the company’s new direction, the PAN boss said that the vehicles to be imported would be certified by the manufacturers, who would also make available the detailed history of the vehicles to prospective buyers, even as he argued that, even in Europe, people patronise used vehicles more than the brand new ones. â€Å"If ownership of Tokunbo cars is the problem of Nigerians, we have plans to bring what we call certified second hand vehicles. It is good as it is done globally and not the road-side Tokunbo market that we have where you do not have the history of the vehicle. â€Å"The certified second hand cars, which we are working on to see how we will launch it in Nigeria is for us to bring in cars that are used, but are recertified by the manufacturers, with a label. â€Å"If you buy a car with a label from any of the networks, it is as good as buying a new car because you have access to all the information as well as all the history of the vehicle and you can be supported by the brand,† he said. He also lamented that government had not been encouraging local automobile manufacturers.

Globalism - Good and Bad Characteristics Research Paper

Globalism - Good and Bad Characteristics - Research Paper Example Globalism is considered to be against, the American ideology and that they resent the policy and instead propagate consideration of the individual countries as separate entities. In some extreme references, the term globalism can be referred to as one world or world citizen or global citizen. With regard to this, my paper seeks to understand and report the socio-economic impacts of the globalism in the world and how it catalyzes coherency in culture. Third world countries have been alienated from the mainstream economic and social development in the international arena. Without the consideration of the global as a unit, the developing world has an uphill task to march and be commensurate to the ever dynamic and changing world. This is with regard to the policies that exist within the nations necessitating bilateral trade and other policies including extradition policies (Steger, 195). Globalism advocates for the equal consideration of nations and this is expected to spur rapid econom ic and avoidance of exploitation of the countries in the all important bilateral trade that takes place between countries. The extent of globalism has been manifested several instances, for example, the incorporation and engagement of the E-commerce in the international trade allows for the swift dissemination and transfer of information (Ambrose, Stephen, and Douglas, 99). In the same breadth, it is possible to at a glance have a comparative analysis of the goods prices and other services such that there is a standardized market rate for the products in the entire world. The Positive effects of Globalism Globalism also views the world as a single unit and that the individual countries are interdependent in developing the different specific economies of the individual countries. The fact that countries engage in a free economic zone that is deliberately established comes with different arrays of advantages and goodies. The different countries have a greater pool with which they can draw the new and contemporary technologies. Technology is in a state of improvement day by day, without the transfer of this knowledge in the most opportune time possible the extent o knowledge dissemination faces reasonable hurdles and this greatly impairs rapid development (Winant, 244). The problem of knowledge and technological dissemination is resolved forthwith through globalism. Globalism has also enabled the different countries to have diverse and a wide spectrum of goods and services. The a availability of the various products in the several markets around the world not only solve the problem of acute scarcity but also helps in stabilizing the prices worldwide and in the most cost effective prices (Powell, 202). The need for globalism has also resolved the problem of communication, communication has been made easier than before and the whole world can be looked as being flat and that people can access information and move closer to one another than ever before (Steger, 234) . Communication is one of the most important tools in the contemporary society and no one can imagine of that the world can be a single unit. In this sense, we realize the role of the globalism in trying to harmonize and bring about consistency in the worlds way of perception. The Negative Effect of Globalism Globalism in as much as it brings the a plethora of positive values to the whole world and defines the world as a common unit that can be considered one, it also come

Sunday, July 28, 2019

HISTORY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HISTORY - Essay Example Born on January 6, 1858 in New York city, he became the President of USA on September 14, 1901 and served the nation till March 4, 1909. He once again ran for Presidency in 1912, but while campaigning in Milwaukee, he was shot in the chest. Roosevelt recovered soon, but could not survive long enough and died in his sleep in 1919. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906, for negotiating the peace in the Russo-Japanese War. 2. The Ming-Qing dynasties: The Ming and Qing dynasties of China were two of the most successful dynasties in Chinese history. The Ming Dynasty came after the Yuan dynasty and existed during 1368-1644. Corruption was the main reason behind the demise of Ming dynasty. People rebelled against the Ming dynasty for being corrupt and efficient, thus paving the way for Qing dynasty in 1644. 3. The Industrial Revolution: Industrial revolution may be defined as the extensive use of power driven machinery in making products. It was not a sudden movement, but a gradual process and picked up momentum by the beginning of the eighteenth century in England when the manufacturing industries stared using machines in a big way. 4. Peter the Great: Born in 1672, Peter the Great was tsar of Russia during 1682-1725. He is credited with bringing Russia on the path of growth and development. Officially known as Peter I, he gave himself the title 'Peter the Great'. 5. The French Revolution: The French Revolution began in 1789 with the meeting of the States General in May. From October 1791 to Sept 1792, a Legislative Assembly was in session. In 1792 in the face of the advance of the allied armies of Austria, Holland, Prussia, and Sardinia, the assembly was replaced by the National Convention, which proclaimed the Republic. The King was brought to trial in December of 1792, and executed on January 21, 1793. 6. The Tokugawa Shogunate came to an official end in 1868, with the resignation of the 15th Tokugawa Shogun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu and the "restoration" (ssei fukko) of imperial rule. 7. The Scramble for Africa: The period of 1872 to 1912 is regarded as the period when the European powers started grabbing the territory and the resources in African continent. This caused tensions between European nations, which subsequently resulted in WW-I 8. The Mexican Revolution of 1911: The basic reason behind the Mexican revolution was the dictatorship of President President Porfirio Diaz, who ruled the country for 31 years. Francisco I. Madero was the man behind the move, which he initiated in October 1910, by calling the newly held elections as fraud. This move ultimately resulted in the collapse of President Diaz in March

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Managing Organisation Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Managing Organisation Change - Essay Example In an organization equipped for complete learning, communication and structures within the company should be flexible and open - and in a way, Sanyo with Nonaka, could be said to be equipped in these aspects. The process for innovation through the changes that had been introduced, at least was steered towards a cyclical process where learning is continuous as opposed to being linear and discontinuous. 2. How did Nonaka try to revolutionize learning and change and how did this relate to incomplete learning Identify the levels of learning if any. Which typology/s of learning best describes the events in Sanyo While Nonaka introduced process and systems-related innovation to Sanyo, the changes that she tried to accomplish was only done on a horizontal plane, and did not account the vertical integration of the new vision for the company. The levels of learning were limited to environmental and behavioral directions or cues for the company. However, the leaning was in a way incomplete because the changes did not seep down to the very purpose of the company, that is specifically charting the unique role of Sanyo which has to do with the identity or mission of the company. A company needs to be rooted to its values and belief systems that it has developed over time - for example Sanyo is proud of its heritage as a maker of refrigerators and batteries as well being known in its markets for this. The learning was incomplete also by which Nonaka's team failed sufficiently to take into account the capabilities of the company or the question of how its core competencies will be aligned with the e nvironmental cues for change. Thus, some stakeholders did not fall into line in supporting Nonaka's vision for Sanyo. The typology of learning that fits within the case of Sanyo may that of the model of organizational change, by which changes are done in the structural level, but not with the culture and the strategy of the company. Learning through organizational change is quite focused through changing from without, and not from within which takes intro consideration the cultural aspects and belief system of an organization. This kind of learning by organizational change, as opposed to deeper levels of learning that comes with organizational development or transformation. 3.What has this case got to do with exploration and exploitation Explain. The case of Sanyo with Nonaka at the helm when she tried to make changes can be called to have made too much of a call for exploration and failing at decisive exploitation. Nonaka was on the right frame of mind when she took into consideration at the way the world has increasingly looked at environmentally conscious products and businesses as the wave of the future, not only because of the projected demise of oil-based fuel systems but because a value-based respect for the environment has been gaining ground with consumers. By aligning Sanyo with the new paradigm, potentially Sanyo was at the leading edge in terms of technology and with its new products. However, exploration needs to be balanced with exploitation or that which has to do with what the company's ability to improve and refine

Friday, July 26, 2019

Language of Thought and Fodor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Language of Thought and Fodor - Essay Example This paper is based on his book titled The Language of Thought, as it seeks to prove that Fodor was right in saying that the nature of human thought requires the existence of a language of thought that is not one's native language. At the very onset, it is imperative to highlight the main features of the nature of human thought. Human thought is that course or process which enables a human being to make rational choices and recognise symbols. This process goes beyond language, according to Fodor. It is contained in the laws of nature and the reaction that a human instinctively offers in the study of these laws. Here, it is imperative to speak about language so as to compare and contrast the two before proving Fodor's theory. (Fodor, 1975) The knowledge of a language is akin to the art of knowing about an entire culture, nation and people. Language may be defined as a form of expression that reveals a person's identity and gives him or her a sense of belonging. But how does a language structure a person's experiences To begin with, the role of language in one's life is one that fulfils the need to belong. This sense of belonging springs from one's immediate environment where there is focus on the language one speaks along with complementary elements like accent, nuances and other such features that form the general social and cultural terrain of the particular place. Language offers people first hand knowledge of a variety of symbols that one comes to associate with a place. This in turn generates a more enriching quality to one's experiences. (Mercer, 1996) In knowing and learning a language, whether by birth or subsequent settlement, there is a certain amount of satisfaction that helps contribute to one's sense of identity. This also has certain mental implications as it shows the person's basic aptitudes, besides brining him or her face to face with the challenges of implementing the language. This makes a person draw from experiences of the past, learn from present experiences and contribute to future experiences, which will shape his or her overall life experiences. This also renders a certain amount of creative and communicative competency to a person and his or her sense of confidence with which he or she carries out interactions with people. If Fodor is to be believed, then the competency of a person comes from being able to effectively use language to portray what is within. For this, it is imperative to portray the most elementary human thought in a language that transcends words, diction and pronunciation. This connects langua ge with experience. (Fodor, 1975) In this regard, it is necessary to shift focus to the process of learning of a language and garnering communicative competency. This process is important in every individual's life as the knowledge comes only after learning. The very process of learning is a journey throughout which an individual is brought face to face with experiences. These experiences form his or her general perspective on things. In this way, there is a certain level of competency which in turn, springs from the areas and experiences that a person finds comfortable to deal with. Learning a language is a crucial part of describing how a language shapes a person's experiences. (Girvin, 2000) Learning a language has always been a great challenge. While this is a matter of creating awareness, it is also a matter of creating certain comfort level that will trigger communicative com

Thursday, July 25, 2019

To what extent was the CIA and the US Government involved in the 1973 Research Paper

To what extent was the CIA and the US Government involved in the 1973 Coup with Chile. Need sources from the American perspectiv - Research Paper Example A strategy was taken after the 4th September 1970 elections to prevent Allende from taking over office. The strategy involved the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) influencing a congressional run off vote as a constitutional requirement since Allende’s victory was not on absolute majority. According to Mirza (270), the intention of the operation was to make the Chileans aware of dangers of the Marxist regime which was to come with Allende’s reign. Allende was a member of the Socialist Party of Chile and he was the Popular Unity between the coalition of communists, socialists, radicals and the Christian democrats. A Marxist, Allende’s program was to nationalize most of the banks and private industries. He also programmed massive land expropriation as well as collectivization. His opposers included Radomiro Tomic of the Christian Democratic Party and Jorge Alessandri. Allende received 36% of the vote winning over Alessadri (34%) and Tomic (27%). Allende won the maj ority but had votes that were less than the popular vote which did not meet the requirements set out in the constitution. The controversy behind Allende’s victory was that he was against the United States’ national interest over Chile. In spite of pressure from the United States, supporters of Allende together with Christian democrats voted for Allende. ... The CIA took various actions, for instance, it made overtures to foreign governments against Salvador’s presidency. According to Hastedt (80), the CIA also circulated propaganda for local media placement which aimed at mobilizing support to raise public opposition against Allende. The CIA contacted a lay man who had connections with church leaders to influence them against Allende. Chilean military officers improved their connections with station officers. Eduardo Frei of the Christian Democratic Party was encouraged to use his influence and encourage officers to form a new government before Allende was elected by the congress as the president. Frei was reluctant to take this action. Between 5th and 20th October, 1970, the station mobilized more contacts with the key Chilean military officers convincing them to engage in a coup .An attachee of the US embassy’s army was put under CIA station as the operational controller. He also relayed vital information to the military . Four of the CIA officers in non-official cover were instructed to meet with the Chilean officers who participated in plotting the coup. This was the track 11 plan which involved a military coup although it failed. The truck one plan involved political action which was aimed at discouraging the congress from electing Allende as the president. Track two failed as a result of the assassination of the army commander, Schneider. He was a strong supporter of the constitution of Chile and a defender of a military coup against Allende. As noted by Schmitz (101), the CIA and the United States government had agreed that absence of Schneider would prove a better position to plan the coup. One of the coup plotters, Robert Viaux, who was a retired

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Child Soldier Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Child Soldier - Research Paper Example They end up being victims of trauma due to exposure to violence; they are deprived of education are at risk of ending up as child soldiers (Ozerdem & Podde, 13). There is a high probability that children who live in conflict areas get deprived of basic needs such as food, shelter and medical attention. To add on to this, the issue of relief for children tends to be given the last priority when in war. This results in insufficient or zero protection for minors. Due to their physical constitution and growth, children are most vulnerable to being deprived of basic needs such as food and medical assistance and this has a severe impact on how they develop. Since 1998, armed conflicts that involve child soldiers have been recorded in at least 36 countries (Child soldiers; global report 2004). The traumatic scars that are left on these children are just one out of many post war problems that face such countries. There are other problems such as food shortages, refugees and mourning for rela tives lost in the war. Former Child Soldiers are in most cases forgotten about and if remembered it will be for the purposes of blaming them for the war. Children who come from families that are poor and disadvantaged and who may be seeking for a sense of belonging, physical support or revenge for losing their families are particularly vulnerable to exploitation in periods of conflict. In some cases, children are kidnapped and forcefully trained to become fighters. Estimates indicate that in the last 15 years the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) alone has kidnapped over 15,000 children from areas around Gulu, northern Uganda (Wessells 35). The targeting of children is deliberate as they are easily manipulated compared to adults and can be made to perform atrocities and crimes without asking questions. The accessibility of light weaponry is also a contributor to child soldiering as it makes it possible for even the very young children to use and bear arms. Efforts made by the Unit ed Nations in naming and shaming governments and rebel groups that do not abide by the international and domestic laws that uphold children’s right have had very limited effect in combating this vice. The annual report by the Secretary General lists dozens of groups and several governments that continue to use or recruit children in their armed forces. Africa has the largest number of child soldiers despite the signing of the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child in 1999 which is the only regional treaty that outlaws child involvement in armed conflicts in the world (Child soldiers; global report 2004). In 2010, the United Nations together with other rights organizations launched the Zero under 18 Campaign which is aimed at attaining universal ratification of the child rights protocol by the year 2012. The ultimate goal is to ending impunity for those who violate children rights and strengthen enforcement of laws against such violations. Graca Machel (UN 1996 ) states that war is a violation of the right of a child to life and the right to have a family that nurtures and respects the child. Process Analysis The main sources of material used in this research were anecdotal reports and academia journals. These reports gave valuable insight and information on the issue of child soldiers. Relevant literature on the topic was obtained

What are the effects of sleep deprivation on teenagers Research Paper

What are the effects of sleep deprivation on teenagers - Research Paper Example Teenagers, today indulge in a wide array of activities which may stretch well into the night for example, partying, playing games, online socialising and studying for exams etc. It is recommended that an average teenager needs about 9-9.5 hours of proper sleeps. However, today teenagers barely sleep for the recommended period of time which has negative consequences both on their body functioning and mental health. In fact long term deprivation of sleep may even have serious implications on the health. This has become a matter of concern for parent, educators and researchers who recommend that proper sleep is absolutely essential for both physical and mental growth. Sleep is the period in which the body rests and recovers from the stress it experienced during the day. The body and all its metabolic processes are accustomed to a particular biological clock which is affected severely by sleep deprivation. Several research studies have focused on the association between lack of sleep and hormonal release in the body. Hormones play an important role in the development of the teenagers; however owing to lack of sleep hormonal release is altered which has negative effects on the body mechanism. Researchers have pointed out that sleep restriction alters metabolic and endocrine systems. Hormones that regulate glucose metabolism have been shown to be influenced by changes in sleep patterns. Young adults who are deprived of sleep show increased glucose tolerance, reduction in insulin sensitivity, enhanced cortisol and ghrelin concentration in the evenings and a loss of appetite (Leprult and Cauter, 2010). The altered regulation in glucose metabolism has not only led to an increase in obesity among teenagers but has also led to an increase in Type II diabetes. Lack of sleep also affects immunity of developing teenagers. Sleep deprivation has been associated with increased lymphocyte activity and enhanced levels of Interleukin-1

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Executed Activity Plan with detailed Evaluation Essay

Executed Activity Plan with detailed Evaluation - Essay Example The behavior of Tina as to tend to avoid or ignore rules as well as the ability to participate more freely in the activity was the main guiding factor, when this was mapped on the EYFS, to develop a short term plan for her activity since her case was one of little details of ignoring rules. Tina’s age, developmental needs as well as other interests were also factored in. The plan developed for Tina, as earlier defined, was a short term. Short term plan is one that is frequently drawn and changed on a regular basis and is aimed and identify development in a specific concept or perspective (Department for Children, School and Families 2008). The short term plan can be done on a daily or weekly basis and will strive to assess the rate of integration of newly learnt concepts by a child. In designing and developing an ideal childhood development plan, that is effective, it was important that it follows a specific guideline which would ensure all the objectives therein, were achieve d. The system or plan so developed was able to continuously monitor the improvements, stagnation or decline in the development of the child. A better plan is that which provides checks or screening modalities which will be able to identify any abnormalities as soon as they occur (Education, E. C, 2010). Therefore, the system should be comprehensive enough, and be able to use information or observations noted, in making instructional decisions directed towards improving the child’s development curve. Consequently, the plan used in activated child development should be one that is consistent across settings, though, may be adapted to contain specific needs and demands of a given child. The progress of the child should not be specific but should include all the parameters of development as well. During observation of the children taking part in the foot painting activity, various critical points developed to incorporate in the plan. In the course of the play, Tina had shown an i nterest in working with the paints and manipulating colors which was actually a child’s own initiative. It was therefore important to keep the interest of the child while guiding the child to follow instructions and rules of the activities (Moyles 1998). The rules and instructions are the duty of adults in the development of the child since they give and ensure the rules are followed. The reason the instructions were not followed was probably because there was no keen listening or the message of the instructions were not decoded correctly. The role of the adults in the playing activity was to set the physical environment and prevent injuries from occurring. They also had to ensure the playing rules were followed. Children try to discover their abilities as they strive to be better than each other. In this activity, adult’s role was to explain the rules and instructions to be followed to the children. The tables were set with everything the children required and in the right sequence, so that they would obtain them without much difficult. The children were guided by answering their questions (McLachlan & Fleer, 2010). Parts of the rules were also explained to the children who did not understand while allowing them to work on their own. Demonstrations were conducted to show the children, especially in the case of Tina, to help in achieving certain details in their modeling which they did not know. Instructions were given at each

Monday, July 22, 2019

Business Communication Essay Example for Free

Business Communication Essay A good rate of ideas are exchanged between departments †¢ It encourages good communication between different departments †¢ Having group discussions allows a wide range of ideas from different experts to be considered †¢ The more ideas the more chance they will hit upon a great one The main disadvantages of horizontal communication are as follows: †¢ Due to the fact both departments may be of equal powers decisions are hard to come to †¢ Nobody has the overall say and final decision It can cause in-house fighting if differing opinions boil over †¢ One department may always have to check with another department before pushing anything through Advantages/Importance of upward communication: 1. Feedback: The major advantages of upward communication are, it provides feedback from the employees. As a result the communication loop (cycle) completes and management can realize the reactions of the employees. 2. Constructive idea: Upward communication allows the employees to inform their views regarding the implementation of company policies. 3. Helps decision making: Through upward communication top management can know the views of flower level employees which help them to make more realistic decision. 4. Establishment of good relation: Upward communication brings executives and employees close to each other and accordingly mutual relationship developed. 5. Mutual trust: For the success of any sort of communication trust is an essential element. As relationship developed through upward communication mutual trust also created. 6. Enhance coordination: Opportunity to express own views and participation in the decision making enhance the level of coordination. 7. Motivation: The task of motivation needs two way communications between the concerned parties. Upward communication enables the executives to extend appropriate motivational measures. Disadvantages/Limitations of upward communication: 1. Reluctance: In some cases employees are reluctant to provide information through upward channel. 2. Non-cooperative attitude: Non-cooperative attitude to the executives damage the willingness of the employees to initiate upward communication. 3. Chance of distortion: Downward communication can be distorted unconsciously but in case of upward communication information can be distorted deliberately. . Trend to by-pass: Another side effect of upward communication is tendency of by passing the immediate boss, can be created among the employees. 5. Delay: Sometimes lower level employees hesitate to inform a problem upward because doing so means acceptance of failure. Thus delays may take place to decide whether to inform the top management or try further to solve the problem. advantages 1. increases efficiency 2. its appropriate for giving instructions 3. ensures that everyone is working towards goals and objectives disadvantages 1. info can be distorted as it goes down 2. nformation overload 3. lack of openness between managers and employees a. Contents of diagonal communication: This type of communication is common in tactical situations which require the quick transfer of information or advice; in hostage situations or cases of civil unrest, it is probably imperative. Diagonal communication is usually verbal and thus is conducted by telephone or radio. b. Advantages of diagonal communication: Diagonal communication has the following advantages: (1) It is a most direct method of communication. (2) It is a most selective method of communication. 3) It is one of the fastest methods of communication. (4) In critical situations, it would seem to be the most essential and logical type of communication. c. Disadvantages of diagonal communication: The major disadvantages of diagonal communication include the following: (1) It can destroy lines of authority and formal chains of command. (2) It can leave immediate superiors uninformed of what their subordinates are doing. (3) It can lead to conflicting orders and hence to further confusion. (4) It is usually verbal, and thus is untraceable if things go wrong.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Occupational Theory And Well Being

Occupational Theory And Well Being This discussion will be looking at the health needs of an individual and impact these have on health, illness and well-being, in relation to occupational therapy. Firstly it will look at the individual, identifying key aspects of their health and wellbeing. Then it will focus on Occupational therapy, looking at the impact occupational therapy can have on health and well-being. There are 2 appendices attached to enhance the readers knowledge but are not essential to the discussion. It will be set out as an assignment with clear headings. Nathan Como This discussion will be focusing on a 45 year old man called Nathan. He is a first generation British National; his parents were born in Trinidad. In 1984 Nathan married and had a baby. Nathans wife left him, and the baby, when they baby was one. Nathan was unable to cope, went to his doctor and was given antipsychotic medication. He was later diagnosed with schizophrenia (see appendix 1). A few years later, Nathan noticed he was struggling to breathe so went to his general practitioner (GP) who diagnosed him with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (see appendix 2). Nathan is an active smoker and has been since he was young. Nathan has not had a steady job since young but does work to support his family. Nathan was never a particularly social man but did begin to take part in the community when his son was young and his neighbors were regular babysitters. This discussion will focus on the impacts of changes to ones health needs and the effect this has on their occupational balance. Occupational Therapy There are various versions on the definition of occupational therapy. The world federation of occupational therapists (WFOT, 2004) defines occupational therapy as a profession concerned with promoting health and wellbeing through occupation. An occupational therapist views the participation in occupations as stimulating for an individuals health and wellbeing (Wilcock, 1993). It is important to remember that although occupations are often assumed to be healthy or productive this is not always the case as: binge drinking, smoking and risky sports, can all be described as occupations; these could all have a detrimental effect on ones health and wellbeing. It can be concluded that without the ability to complete occupations it can then be assumed that a person will not lead a healthy or productive life. Occupational therapists aim to identify an individuals occupational identity. This can be described as who the individual sees themselves as and who they would like to aim to be (Duncan, 2006). People all have a different view of who they are and how they see themselves within a community. This is important for occupational therapists to establish as each client they meet with will have a different occupational identity (another reference). Additionally it is core to an occupational therapist to establish the individuals occupational performance. This has been defined as some kind of purposeful and goal directed activity (Crabtree, 2003) or Duncan (2006) defines occupational performance as what his or her (the individual) physical, cognitive and social abilities are. Crabtrees (2003) definition of occupational performance includes the words purposeful activity. There is a great debate among occupational therapists as to the meaning behind purposeful activity (and if this indeed the r ight word to be used in a definition). A purposeful activity to one person may not be the same to someone else. For Nathan, carrying out simple everyday tasks may be difficult due to his breathing, so a purposeful task may be to have a shower independently. For others a shower may just be seen as a basic human need and not purposeful at all. It is all based upon the individual and what it means to them. When a person develops an illness there occupational balance can be disturbed and they need to re-adjust their lives to ensure they continue to have an occupational balance. Occupational balance can be defined as a combination of self-care, play, work and rest (Wilcock et al, 1997) or self-care, productivity and leisure (Le Boutillier and Croucher, 2010). Additionally that it is through occupations that a healthy physical and mental wellbeing is obtained (Wilcock et al, 1997). The college of occupational therapy (COT), 2006 suggests that individuals have a built in drive and need to be active and to partake in occupations. Occupation is central to the existence of individuals, groups and communities COT, 2006. Without occupations people would never reach the potentials within themselves or the world, (Wilcock, 1993). The COT report that if people are deprived of activity or have limited access to a wide variety of occupations both their physical and psychological health will suffer. Children take part in occupations largely to learn and develop whereas adults complete occupations to contribute to the community and to be rewarded for their contribution. It can be very important to some that they establish a role for themselves. For Nathan his roles within his life have developed and changed. He was a husband for a short time, a father to Saul, but this was partially shared with his neighbours. It is reported by the COT, 2006 that the older generation use occupations to support their independence and to give them a role within a community or society. Maintaining a routine of occupations, that, have meaning to an individual, can provide a structure and sense of purpose and direction to life to an individual. Irrelevant of disability/disease an individual can carry out a routine which can provide fee lings of identity, normality and wellbeing. Therefore any disruption to the routine thanks to illness, injury or environmental challenges can lead to dissatisfaction, disorientation and distress for the individual. Occupation is, therefore, essential for good mental health and wellbeing COT, 2006. When a person is unable to engage in occupation, whether due to personal, social or environmental factors, the occupational therapist works with her or him to develop skills, challenge inequalities and promote social inclusion COT, 2006. Occupational therapists believe that occupational competency (another reference) in everyday activities depends on the interaction between the individual; their occupations (the things they do) and the individuals environment. It has been reported that an individuals wellbeing is directly related to the quality of this interaction. Duncan (2006) reports that when an individual is temporarily or permanently unable to relate or engage in the roles, relationships and certain occupations expected of someone of a similar age and sex; within a particular culture, it can be assumed the individual has an occupational dysfunction. Kielhofner, 2009, states that occupational dysfunction occurs when an individual does not have the capacity to choose, perform or organise occupations or the ability to choose a pattern of occupational behavior that facilitates a quality of life. How would an Occupational Therapist Assess and choose interventions for Nathan? Reed and Sanderson (1999) report that there are 7 key reasons why occupational therapists should use models and the advantages of a model based practice. Models provide a link between theory and practice, define and focus the area of interest for the OT, provide a framework for assessment, intervention and evaluation, contribute to a sound philosophical basis, use of common vocabulary to communicate ideas, provides a professional unity and the use of common themes throughout all models; such as concern for the individual, the value of human occupation and looking at an individual holistically. Although models give a good grounding and starting point for occupational therapists, it is important to remember they are just that; a starting point. They do not include details on every aspect or outcome that may occur and they assume a basic knowledge of the key attributes expected of an occupational therapist. Models are used to guide practice but not to dictate. Models are sometimes used as the boundaries of the occupational therapy intervention, as practitioners come across new patients with varying conditions and they may not fit neatly into an existing model. It is important for an occupational therapist to note that models are inclusive not exclusive and in these cases the practitioner should be experienced enough to notice the need to perhaps adapt a model or develop a new one. An occupational therapist should also be mindful of models become out of date as practice is evolving all the time so using an old model may result in out of date practice (Feaver and Creek, 1993). Kielhofner (2009) discusses the Model of Human Occupation, within which he reports that volition (what values an individual has, the interests an individual finds satisfying and how an individual is able to interact within the world) leads to the choice of occupational activities (functional and dysfunctional occupations). If an individual has a mental health problem it may contribute to the i ndividual being unable to assess their personal interaction within the world and may result in a change in how a person interacts within the world (Crist et al, 2000); resulting in a change in their occupations. Nathan has been diagnosed with schizophrenia, as a result his views and how he is viewed within society has changed. There is a lot of stigma and stereotypes related to schizophrenia, a study by Angermeyer and Matschinger (2004) looked at the stereotypes a person with schizophrenia experiences. They concluded that the most common are people believing they are incompetent, unpredictable and also dangerous. As a result individuals with mental health illnesses find themselves socially excluded, with no one to turn to. For an individual such as Nathan who has been diagnosed with schizophrenia but has been receiving successful treatment for a number of years, this could be extremely frustrating. Morgan (2007) reports that people with mental health illnesses are the most excluded population. This statement is also supported by Le Boutillier and Croucher (2010). The definition of social inclusion is a debated one, it is highly inconsistent and comes with ambiguity. A report by Le Boutillier and Croucher (2010) argues that social inclusion is more than just engaging in community activity within the physical presence, as this doesnt necessarily imply that the individual feels included. Nathan began to attend community activities when his son was younger thanks to a family who would regularly babysit for him. They encouraged him to attend the local church and also become more involved within the community. It can be argued that although Nathan was actively involved in the community for a short while did he really feel included? The media portray schizophrenia in a bad light only highlighting the bad symptoms (mentioned earlier being incompetent, unpredictable and also dangerous) and not addressing the positive ones or identifying that it is a manageable illness. As a result it is often recorded that not only is it a stereotype of the individual s who do not suffer from a mental health illness but also it is often the individuals with the illness who feel they are incapable to socialising with others and being involved for fear of how they may react. Individuals feel fear and rejection, as a result of their mental illness, and lack a sense of connection and belonging. Le Boutillier and Croucher (2010) also identify that individuals who are not socially active within their community still may feel socially included, again emphasising the fact that it is not just physically attending community activities which can cause an individual to feel included. Other authors report social inclusion as being the ability of an individual to fit into a community by conforming to its traditional values of housing, education and employment (Lloyd et al 2006). Others refer to social inclusion including the social, psychological and physical components but emphasising the individuals sense of belonging and the importance of a support network (Labonte, 2004). However Le Boutillier and Croucher (2010) report that feeling socially included must also include personal meaning, an individual should feel involved and feel connected to the community, not just simply an individual physically engaging within the community. Therefore all these views indicate that how the individual perceives themselves within a community will determine whether they view themselves as socially included; it is highly individual. From this information it would be hard to conclude as to whether Nathan was feeling socially excluded as it is an individual view. An occupational therapist would need to conclude with their service user what their view of social inclusion means to their specific environment. A study by Le Boutillier and Croucher (2010) report that the occupational aspects associated with social inclusion are; self care, leisure, productivity, occupational deprivation, occupational alienation, occupational balance, habits, roles routines an d occupational performance. It states that all these aspects help an individual to feel more socially included or may cause them to feel isolated depending. For occupational therapists, the three main occupational performance areas are self-care, leisure and productivity (work). A study completed by Moyer (2000) looked at the impact of work for individuals with mental health illnesses. He looked at work as a means of integrating into a community, not just as an income as work can be voluntary or within home management. He identified that work helps to develop a persons confidence, identity and self-esteem. It also establishes a role for the person within a community. Nathan has not had a stable job since he left school but has been working constantly. The reasons behind his nomadic style are not clear but could be due to his schizophrenia and the social exclusion he receives when colleagues, employers or customers discover his illness. It has also been recently discussed by Sweetsur, 2009 that many individuals with a mental health illness are seen to be critically ill and are not seen as people who are able to carry out work when well. S weetsur, 2009 also suggests that mental health institutions are not promoting people back to work or encouraging them to better themselves. If the people working with and for individuals with mental health illnesses are not promoting work then it is not surprising that society has the view that people with mental health problems are incapable of working. If an individual is not working they will not be fulfilling the productivity aspect to ensure they have occupational balance. Conclusion From the above information it is clear to conclude that one key trend throughout this discussion is the prominence of client centred practice. The fact that every individual is different and there is no clear definition, model or practice that will fit two clients. Using this information it is very hard to establish Nathans particular health needs as the information provided is limited. Assumptions would need to be made in all aspects of his life. It is clear from the above that occupational therapists believe to ensure an individual is healthy they should partake in occupations which are purposeful and meaningful to the individual. When an individual becomes injured, has a disability or something affects their environment resulting in them no longer being able to partake in occupations it causes an occupational dysfunction. Occupational therapists use models to help asses and implement plans for the individual although it is essential that the practitioner understands the limitations of models. References Angermeyer M and Matschinger H (2004) The Stereotype of Schizophrenia and Its impact on Discrimination Against People With Schizophrenia: Results From a Representative Survey in Germany. Schizophrenia Bulletin 30(4) 1049-1061. Accessed 03.11.10 via http://schizophreniabulletin.oxfordjournals.org/content/30/4/1049.full.pdf Boyer G, Hachey R and Mercier, C (2000) Perceptions of Occupational Performance and Subjective Quality of Life in Persons with Severe Mental Illness. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health,15(2)1-15. Accessed 02.11.10 via http://0eb.ebscohost.com.serlib0.essex.ac.uk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=5hid=105sid=89328e11-b7d8-4de4-97ad-93b4e1890459%40sessionmgr104 Cao V, Chung C, Ferreira A, Nelken J, Brooks D and Cott C (2010) Changes in Activities of Wives Caring for Their Husbands Following Stroke. Physiotherapy Canada, 62 (1) 35-43. Accessed 02.11.10 via http://0-web.ebscohost.com.serlib0.essex.ac.uk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=10hid=109sid=416f83bf-4f0b-4fbf-8f04-2db73ffdc44c%40sessionmgr111 College of Occupational Therapists (2006) Recovering ordinary lives: the strategy for occupational therapy in mental health services 2007-2017. London: COT. Accessed 01.11.10 via http://www.cot.co.uk/MainWebSite/Resources/Document/ROL_Vision_2010.pdf Crabtree J (2003) Occupational Performance. Occupational Therapy in Health Care, 17(2), 1-18 Creek J (2010) The core concepts of occupational therapy: A dynamic Framework for practice. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers Crist P, Davis, C and Coffin, P (2000) The Effects of Employment and Mental Health Status on the Balance of Work, Play/Leisure, Self-Care, and Rest. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 15(1), 27-42 Duncan E (2002) Foundations for Practice in Occupational Therapy. Elsevier Ltd, London. Feaver S and Creek J (1993) Models for practice in occupational therapy. British Journal of Occupational Therapy 56(2) 59-62. Gronkiewicz C and Borkgren-Okonek M (2004) Acute exacerbation of COPD: nursing application of evidence-based guidelines. Critical Care Nursing Quarterly, 27(4), 336-352. Honey A (1999) Empowerment versus power: Consumer participation in mental health services. Occupational Therapy International, 6(4), 257-276 Kielhofner, G (2009) Conceptual Foundations of Occupational Therapy Practice. F.A. Davis Company. Philadelphia, USA Labonte R (2004) Social inclusion/exclusion: dancing the dialectic. Health Promotion International, 19(9), 115-21. Accessed 02.11.10 via http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/1/115.full Le Boutillier, C. Croucher, A. (2010) Social Inclusion and Mental Health, British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 73(3) pp.136 139 Lloyd C, Tse S, Deane FP (2006) Community participation and social inclusion: how practitioners can make a difference. Australian e-journal for the Advancement of Mental Health, 5(3) Accessed 02.11.10 via http://www.qldalliance.org.au/resources/items/2009/09/294410-upload-00001.pdf Lloyd C, Waghorn G, Williams PL (2008) Conceptualising recovery in mental health rehabilitation. British Journal of Occupational Therapy,71(8), 321-28 Molineux M (2004) Occupation for Occupational Therapists. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford. http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=enlr=id=-UeXMIL3B0Coi=fndpg=PR9dq=Molineux+social+exclusionots=-HzrxHwTFmsig=C1vzJYcR7HY6IcdicghK5D5aQAI#v=onepageq=Molineux%20social%20exclusionf=false Morgan C, Burns T, Fitzpatrick M, Pinfold V and Priebe S (2007) Social exclusion and mental health Conceptual and methodological review. British Journal of Psychiatry, 191, 477-483. Retrieved 01.11.10 from http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/reprint/191/6/477 Petty T (2000) COPD: interventions for smoking cessation and improved ventilatory function. Geriatrics, 55(12), 30. Reed K and Sanderson S (1999) Concepts of Occupational therapy (4th Ed). Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Maryland, Usa. Accessed 02.11.10 via http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=enlr=id=1ZE47g_IRTwCoi=fndpg=PR7dq=occupational+therapy+modelsots=sJkzgUie_Psig=6z3WRZ5AlTAfifSKZqPkkkO_n68#v=onepageq=occupational%20therapy%20modelsf=false Reilly M (1962) Occupational Therapy Can Be One Of the Great Ideas of 20th Century Medicine. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 16 (1) 87-105. Accessed 16.10.11 via http://moodle.essex.ac.uk/file.php/1640/future_OT.pdf Schermer T, Weel C, Barten F et al. (2008). Prevention and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in primary care: position paper of the European Forum for Primary Care. Quality in Primary Care. 16 (5), p363-377. Sweetsur D (2009) Schizophrenia and the work ethic: is it time to stop thinking and start doing? Mental Health Occupational Therapy, 14 (3) 106-107 WFOT (2004) What is OT? Retrieved 13-10-2010 from: http://www.wfot.org/information.asp Wilcock A (1993) A theory of the human need for occupation. Occupational Science: Austrialia, 1 (1) 17-24 Wilcock A, Chelin M, Hall M, Hamley N, Morrison B, Scrivener L, Townsend M and Treen K (1997) The relationship between occupational balance and health: A pilot study Occupational Therapy International, 4(1), 17-30. Accessed 02.11.10 via http://0-web.ebscohost.com.serlib0.essex.ac.uk/ehost/detail?vid=11hid=109sid=416f83bf-4f0b-4fbf-8f04-2db73ffdc44c%40sessionmgr111 Yuil C, Crinson I and Duncan E (2010) Key Concepts in Health Studies. SAGE Publications Ltd. London. Accessed 04.10.10 via http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/13029/49397/49397.pdf Appendix 1 Schizophrenia When someone believes untrue things about their cultural society and has considered to have lost touch with reality they are generally diagnosed with a form of psychosis such as schizophrenia (Morrison et al 2008). Psychosis itself is a persons belief in events in reality that are imaginary or unreal (NHS, 2010). Individuals who develop schizophrenia are will never be the same as another schizophrenic as they all bring their own individual experiences and symptoms (NICE,2010).Other mental illness involve psychosis, but what separates schizophrenia from bipolar disorder (a.k.a manic depression) for instance, is that the patients problems are not centred exclusively around their mood (Morrison et al 2008). Schizophrenics may also, believe that they have great powers and abilities (Morrison et al 2008), have strange changes in behaviour or find it difficult to concentrate even on everyday tasks (NHS, 2010). It is quite possible that Nathan could be further diagnosed as having paranoid s chizophrenia as his symptoms largely relate to this form of psychosis. Negative symptoms for the illness also exist such as low mood and being social withdrawn (NHS, 2010). There is some confliction within literature as it seems that personal and professional ideas differ with regards to recovery from schizophrenia (Rethink 2010). Professionals may view recovery as completely overcoming the symptoms of the illness, most patients, carers and some organisations try to view recovery in terms of achieving personal goals and targets such as returning to work or having an active social life (Rethink 2010 Morrison et al 2008). While some research suggests that some patients do make a full recovery (but often over very long periods of time), there is still variation between individuals and it is not the case for everyone (Morriosn et al 2008). For these individuals, finding ways of managing their illness through medication and therapy in order to rebuild their lives to a level that they can cope with, gives them and their carers their own personal sense of recovery (Morrison et al 2008). NICE, 2010 report that inequalities in mental health services are common and especially for clients from Afro-Caribbean origins to access UK services.

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome To Amputate Or Not Nursing Essay

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome To Amputate Or Not Nursing Essay Abstract Complex Regional Pain Syndrome is pain syndrome confined to one or more limbs, usually occurring after trauma. The cause of CRPS remains unknown and its diagnosis is based upon a set of clinical signs and symptoms: the Budapest Criteria (figure 1). CRPS is characterised by the presence of limb pain associated with sensory, motor, autonomic, skin and bone changes. It is often resistant to treatment and its clinic course is difficult to predict. Early diagnosis and treatment from a multidisciplinary team is associated with the best outcome. In the UK there has been recent guidelines published to aid the diagnosis and treatment of CRPS. The mainstay of this treatment is physiotherapy, patient education and the medical management of pain. The patient in this case was scheduled to undergo an amputation of the affected limb prior to trying any of the above management, indeed prior to even being diagnosed with CRPS. Amputation for the treatment of CRPS is controversial. Evidence based guide lines regarding CRPS currently state that there is insufficient evidence to prove that amputation positively contributes to the treatment of the patient. It also runs the risk of the patient suffering from phantom limb pain or CRPS recurring in the stump or contralateral limb. If indeed CRPS is a sympathetically mediated neuropathic pain, as proposed, surgery to the area is likely to aggravate the condition. Tissue damage locally will result in the release of inflammatory neurokines leading to up regulation of the immune and nervous system. Amputation in the presence of CRPS can only therefore be justified in the treatment of therapy-resistant infection after other treatment options have been explored. Even more pertinent to this case was that the patient had never tried more conventional treatment options before an amputation was decided upon. Case Presentation Referral Information Patient JM was referred by Dr FJ, consultant in rehabilitation medicine as a query diagnosis of CRPS of his right lower limb. JM was scheduled to have a Symmes amputation, under a Professor MS a consultant orthopaedic surgeon, two weeks after this referral was made. Questionaire Scores MPSQ 8 Mod Zung 21 Current Problem JM complained of gradually worsening pain in right ankle and foot over a twenty-four month period. He scored his pain from 2-8/10 worse on light touch, cold weather and at the end of the day. The pain was accompanied by decreased motor function, oedema, an increase in sweating and skin colour changes in the limb. He described his pain as like a really bad tooth ache especially worse when the limb was swollen and only decreased by rest and elevation. He described a dropping sensation in the foot despite it being fused at the ankle which causes such severe pain it has at times caused him to vomit. Background History JM was born with a congenitally abnormal right tibia. As a child he underwent multiple operations on his right ankle. He has had two osteotomies, a bone graft and Lizorov frame and a triple arthrodesis at this ankle joint. Past Medical History JM has no other medical problems. Drug History Dihydrocodine 30mg four times a day. No other medication tried. Family History No family medical history of note. Mum and Dad alive and well. Social History JM lives with his parents and works in IT full time from an office at home. He feels that his career progression has been halted over the last few years as his pain has increased and his function worsened. He has an active social life and close family support. He played regular tennis until the pain in his ankle increased a few years ago but hasnt been able to play since 2010. He denies any depression or anxiety although finds his functional limitations frustrating. His mother attended his first clinic appointment and was extremely upset and anxious when it was suggested that her son try medical treatment options before resorting to a Symmes amputation. She felt that JM had gone through a lot of psychological distress coming to terms with the prospect of having his leg amputated at the foot and was fully decided this was the best course of action only for that decision to be questioned. JM didnt have any expectations of the pain clinic other than to help him reduce his pain to a liva ble level. The main reasons given by the Orthopeadic team for amputation was functional: to improve his gait and in the long run reduce possible arthritic changes developing due to his poor posture. Examination Findings JMs right lower limb on inspection was swollen from below the knee, with a pale discolouration and multiple operation scars at the ankle. There were noticeable trophic changes in the nails of the right foot but no hair or skin changes locally. His right ankle is fused in fixed dorsi flexion. On palpation it is cooler to touch and clammy when compared to the left lower leg and ankle. JM is tender to light touch over the medial aspect of the right ankle. The right knee has normal and has a good range of movement. Diagnostic Formulation JMs right ankle is positive for the Budapest Diagnostic Criteria for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. Sensory Allodynia Hyperalgesia Vasomotor Temperature asymmetry Skin colour changes Skin colour asymmetry Sudomoter / Oedema Oedema Sweating changes Sweating asymmetry Motor / Trophic Decreased range of movement Motor dysfunction Trophic changes (hair/skin/nails) For the patient to be positive for CRPS with the Budapest criteria they must have continuing pain which is disproportionate to the eliciting event and have: More than one sign in two or more of the categories above AND More than one symptom in three or more of the categories above AND No other diagnosis that could better explain their signs and symptoms. JM has all of the italic signs and symptoms above and no other diagnosis that could better explain his symptoms. JM had also undergone a bone density scan of the right leg showing osteopenia and an xray showing arthritic changes to the deformed and fused ankle joint. Therefore a diagnosis of CRPS of his right lower limb was made. Subsequent Management JM was started on lignocaine 5% patches. Communications were also made with the other consultants involved in JMs care (orthopaedics and rehabilitation medicine). The orthopaedic team were keen to point out that the benefits of the surgery were functional and that even if JM were to become pain free with conservative treatment then it would not solve his functional problems. At follow up one month after starting the lignocaine 5 % patches JM was managing extremely well. His pain was down to a manageable level and by wearing the patches he could function nearly normally. He is now walking without a stick and had managed to return to playing tennis and had attended a work conference. He had decided against having the amputation and was happy to carry on with the current medical management of his condition. Further treatment options, should his pain flair up again, were discussed. These included IVRA (intravenous regional anaesthesia) and a spinal cord stimulator. Discussion CRPS is a pain syndrome with an unclear pathophysiology and unpredictable clinical course. The diagnosis of CRPS is based upon a set of signs and symptoms derived from the history and examination of the patient. The treatment of CRPS is aimed at improving function and requires the use of a interdisciplinary team encompassing physiotherapy, psychological therapies and pain management. The management of CRPS depends on prompt diagnosis and early management as response to treatment is adversely affected by any delays. In the UK recent guidelines have been developed for the diagnosis and management in the context of both primary and secondary care (2). JM in this case had been managed primarily by an orthopaedic team who had not linked his symptoms with a diagnosis of CRPS. CRPSs management requires a multidisciplinary approach based upon the published Four Pillars of Intervention (3). The Four Pillars of Treatment for CRPS Patient information and education Patients should be provided with appropriate education about CRPS to support self management Patients should be reassured the physical and occupational therepy are safe and appropriate and engaged in the process of goal setting and review Pain relief (medication and procedure) No individual drug can be recommended at current time due to lack of evidence but the following may be considered a)neuropathic pain medication b)pamidronate 60mg iv single dose in pts with CRPS

Descriptive Essay: Grandpas Place -- Descriptive Essays, Observation

Grandpa's Place I know to take one last breath of fresh, clean air before I open the front screen door and then the faded, chipped white wood door. I walk in, and the blend of the aroma of apples and old people suffocates me. As I walk in, the same two-year old cat food is right where it has been for the last six months: in front of the front door on the cold faded tile floor. The cat disappeared four months ago, but I guess there is still hope that he will come back one day. I approach the sliding wooden door to enter the front living room and see some bird feed on the floor that must have been spilled the previous week along with a stack of news papers. This single story brick house was purchased by my Grandma and Grandpa twenty years ago. Ever since, the house has been filled with nothing but love and laughter. Behind the house, there are five or six tall, skinny trees that have died from disease but haven't fallen to the grass covered ground. Near the loose clothes line in the back yard, there are four rose bushes that need water. Dead daises and pansies from the previous summer are the main attraction in the front yard along with a five foot high metal windmill stuck in the middle of a flower garden that needs grease. The two car garage houses a huge '78 black Buick. The ol' Buick hasn't been driven in a while, but my Grandpa claims that it is still in top shape. I guess my Grandpa just keeps it around to remind him of my Grandma. Next to it is a green John Deere tractor with a ripped black seat that has a flat left rear tire, but my Grandpa claims, "It still runs like a champ." Next to it is the push lawnmower. Before I open the door, I can hear the Bronco game being televised on my Grandpa's 36"... ...the same story about so and so and how their daughter's husband's brother did this and that. All this time, I just sit there and watch my Grandpa be happy telling me this story while he slops stuff out of his mouth and onto his already stained clothes. Eventually, we finish our dinner, and I clean up the kitchen. I get all of my stuff together, make a final check that everything is good to go, and sit on a kitchen chair. My Grandpa asks sadly if it is time to go, and I say, "Yeah," with a quivering voice. So, I get up, give my Grandpa a hug and head out the door. I hate leaving this place more than anything. I hate leaving my Grandpa in that house by himself. I push open the front door and breathe in the fresh night air. As I pull out of the narrow leaf covered driveway, I look back to see my Grandpa waving at me through the dirty storm glass windows.

Friday, July 19, 2019

Doctor Zhivago Essay -- Doctor Zhivago Essays

Doctor Zhivago    Boris Pasternak's Nobel Prize winning novel, Doctor Zhivago, is exceedingly successful due to its strong characterization and profound believability. The historical period matches flawlessly with the serious mood evident throughout Pasternak's work. The tone of this novel bleeds into the style and flow of Doctor Zhivago. Exceptional development of these traits makes Zhivago a triumphant effort.    The book begins with the introduction of several primary characters. Introduced as a child, Yurii A. Zhivago, lives his life in front of the reader. The long period covered gives the reader a variety of life experiences to identify with. As more of Yura's family life is revealed, a link between the story and the reader is constructed. Conversations in the story illustrate the feelings and ideals of the characters in Zhivago. One such conversation is between Nikolai Nikolaievich and Ivan Ivanovich. The two discuss philosophy, relating to their ideals and not those of the state or past theorists such as Solovi_v and Marx. The ideals expressed in this discussion are not just the characters', but an idea held by the author. Nikolaievich states "that man does not live in a state of nature but in history...It is the...exploration of death with a view to overcome it." (13) Pasternak's belief is people create to overcome their mortality; Pasternak has done so by creating Zhivago. The author lives on in the characters that he created. Through the story, different types of life are lived by the characters and the reader. Exploring the life of the rich and the poor, living while at peace and in war causes a variety of characters and emotions to be evoked. This vast array causes a few problems. The primary difficulty i... ...chnique creates a fully developed world in which the characters exist. The book opens with a funeral, that of Zhivago's mother, and it ends with a funeral for Zhivago. The story is assembled in a balanced manner. The symmetry in the novel adds another unique element to its style. The method in which Zhivago is told is at times annoying but overall it is a part of why the book as a whole succeeds.    In following the life of Zhivago, the effects of the Russian revolution on Russia's society are made evident. The strong characterization, believability, powerful imagery, and writing style all help construct a link between the story and the reader. The successful development of this bond draws the reader in the lives of the characters. This union that Pasternak creates is the basis of a universally readable novel, a union that makes Doctor Zhivago a success.    Doctor Zhivago Essay -- Doctor Zhivago Essays Doctor Zhivago    Boris Pasternak's Nobel Prize winning novel, Doctor Zhivago, is exceedingly successful due to its strong characterization and profound believability. The historical period matches flawlessly with the serious mood evident throughout Pasternak's work. The tone of this novel bleeds into the style and flow of Doctor Zhivago. Exceptional development of these traits makes Zhivago a triumphant effort.    The book begins with the introduction of several primary characters. Introduced as a child, Yurii A. Zhivago, lives his life in front of the reader. The long period covered gives the reader a variety of life experiences to identify with. As more of Yura's family life is revealed, a link between the story and the reader is constructed. Conversations in the story illustrate the feelings and ideals of the characters in Zhivago. One such conversation is between Nikolai Nikolaievich and Ivan Ivanovich. The two discuss philosophy, relating to their ideals and not those of the state or past theorists such as Solovi_v and Marx. The ideals expressed in this discussion are not just the characters', but an idea held by the author. Nikolaievich states "that man does not live in a state of nature but in history...It is the...exploration of death with a view to overcome it." (13) Pasternak's belief is people create to overcome their mortality; Pasternak has done so by creating Zhivago. The author lives on in the characters that he created. Through the story, different types of life are lived by the characters and the reader. Exploring the life of the rich and the poor, living while at peace and in war causes a variety of characters and emotions to be evoked. This vast array causes a few problems. The primary difficulty i... ...chnique creates a fully developed world in which the characters exist. The book opens with a funeral, that of Zhivago's mother, and it ends with a funeral for Zhivago. The story is assembled in a balanced manner. The symmetry in the novel adds another unique element to its style. The method in which Zhivago is told is at times annoying but overall it is a part of why the book as a whole succeeds.    In following the life of Zhivago, the effects of the Russian revolution on Russia's society are made evident. The strong characterization, believability, powerful imagery, and writing style all help construct a link between the story and the reader. The successful development of this bond draws the reader in the lives of the characters. This union that Pasternak creates is the basis of a universally readable novel, a union that makes Doctor Zhivago a success.   

Thursday, July 18, 2019

Macroeconomics Assignment Essay

1)Fiscal policy is the government’s policy with respect to spending and taxation. It is set by the federal government. It impacts our economy in a couple of ways. Since government spending is a component of aggregate demand government spending on goods and services has a direct effect on the level of aggregate demand. Taxes also effect aggregate demand, however they do so indirectly. When tax’s rise or fall, they change the disposable income of households, which alters consumption. 2)All the different government agencies present congress with the total amounts of money they would like to run their agencies for the next fiscal period. Congress haggles and tries to balance a complete budget by approving & disapproving the various amounts. Eventually the budget goes to the Senate for approval & then to the President. 3)Automatic stabilizers are elements of fiscal policy that automatically change in value as national income changes. Three examples of automatic stabilizers are progressive income taxes, welfare benefits, and unemployment benefits. 4)Fiscal policy is different in different economic systems. The government tends to play a larger role in investment spending in developing countries. A reason for this is that state owned enterprises account for a larger part of the economic activity in developing countries then they do in developed countries. Developing countries tend to rely more on government rather than the private sector to build their schools, roads, and hospitals then developed countries do. In developed countries the government tends to spend more on social services then in non developed countries. Governmental taxes also vary. In industrial countries social security taxes are common, while in developing countries they are rare. In developing countries the taxes on international t rade are very important. Fiscal policy differs greatly depending on the economic system. 5)Progressive taxes mean as income rises so does the rate of taxation. Regressive taxes mean the tax rate falls as income rises. Proportional taxes mean the tax rate is constant as income rises. Taxes are usually progressive because they help offset the effect of lower income on spending. 6)Money has many functions. It can be a medium of exchanges, a unit of account, a store of value, and a standard of deferred payment. As a medium of exchange it is willingly accepted for the payment of products and services. As a unit of account we price goods and services in terms of money. This makes comparing relative values easy. As a store of value it is not perishable. It is durable, and has the ability to retain value over a period of time. As a standard of deferred payment debt obligations are written in terms of money values. 7)Liquidity refers to liquid assets. It is a measure of asset that can easily be exchanged for goods and services. It’s important to individuals and businesses to have liquid assets in order to easily make purchases. 8)A financial intermediaries are middle men between savers and barrowers. The role of them in our economy is to provide a safe place for us to deposit our money and earn some interest on it, and to have someone to barrow from if necessary. My bank functions as a financial intermediary by playing the role between a saver and a barrower. I may deposit 100$ in account, making me a saver. The bank may then turn around and loan 90$ to someone else needing to barrow. The bank charges higher interest rates on those who barrow then it pays to those who deposit, this is how the bank makes its profit as the middle man. 9)There are a few different factors that could cause the actual expansion of money to differ from the expansion multiplier. One is if banks hold more reserves than the minimum required, they lend a smaller fraction of new deposits, this reduces the effect of the deposit expansion multiplier. Currency drain (money being withdrawn from the bank and kept in cash) also reduces the deposit multiplier. The deposit expansion multiplier indicates the maximum possible change, not necessarily the real change.

An Analysis on Themes and Writing Techniques Essay

Explain why George tells incision the Story of the boy who staged bergin. If this boy is actu solelyy George, pardon why he does not tell chip that the story is autobiographical. If the boy is not George, explain why he is so mental disorder with Martha when she relates the story ab surface the hologram her father, the electric chair of the college, would not let George unveil. The play begins with George and Martha having only when returned from a party hosted by Marthas father, who is President of the college where George works as a professor.Martha has invited a new faculty extremity over for virtually drinks. It is later softened that their guests at the after-party be a younger love with slit, the young, new professor at the biological science Department and his wife dear. When incision and Honey arrive, the capturemingly innocent after-party evolves into a dark of games, universeipulation, confrontation and enlightenment for the two bring togethers. As t he night deepens, the effects of alcohol set about to take over Martha and George. They start to declargon sensitive liaisons about each separate and their marriage. In Act Two of Whos alarmed of Virginia Woolf? George tells slit the anecdote of a boy who once ordered bergin, killed his stupefy with a shotgun, and then after a year, crashed into a tree and killed his father. This happens after break away confides in George the truth in his purpose to marry Honey. He revealed that he hook up with Honey not because he love her but more because of the prospect of pathetic up the social ladder. The play too reveals that Honey does not plan on having children and has been avoiding getting pregnant by pickings contraceptive pills. The side effects of the pills grant been making her weak all along. (KONKLE, 2003)The causation why George did not tell Nick the story of the boy is his story is that he was too ashamed to admit to himself as well as to some other lot his trouble d past for fear that he might be judged according to this resultant. (KONKLE, 2003) some other reason why George disclosed the flesh out of the story of the boy who accidentally killed his p atomic number 18nts to Nick is to point out to Nick that no matter how perfect or standard things may seem on the heighten in the present, in truth, there is no such thing as standard or perfect. The reality of life is that things be bound to go wrong all the time and people imply to be ready for anything.What matters is how one deals with these difficulties. Nothing is stable in the world. Sometimes things go the right smart you expect them to be but they send away go the other way. The only thing permanent is change. The best way to cope with change is to recognize it, assess the candor of the circumstance, and learn to adjust accordingly. It is important to see the reality of the situation so that in case there are problems that need to be solved, the best way to come along up wi th a proper consequence is to acknowledge the gravity of the situation. Trying to pout flaws or problems will only change stir the situation.Oftentimes, when this happens, small problems that are left undecided snowball into an avalanche that gets too monolithic that it is bound to leave too ofttimes damage. George and Martha started out as a couple with so much promise of succeeder in the future. However, things did not work out as they have planned and as expected. As such, they are having difficulty adjusting to this reality. preferably of accepting the reality of their predicament and exploring other alternatives to get them out of their pothole, so to speak, they chose to remain oblivious to their situation.George and Martha are confine in their illusion of perfection and are too proud to admit the truth. They are thus thrust deeper in to their pothole of problems. (KONKLE, 2003) George became upset with Martha when she told the story about his manuscript that her fa ther would not let him publish because it died his inadequacies. George is a proud man and it is very typical of him to refuse to reveal anything that would make him seem the least number incompetent. The reality of this situation brought out their frustrations. The incident also highlighted the stark reality of the subject of their affairs.Marthas bickering drew heed to how disappointed that George was not live up to her and her fathers expectations and that she was so dissatisfy with her marriage with George. (KONKLE, 2003) What ensued between the two couples reveals the similarities, to some degree, in their marriages. The only difference is that Nick and Honey give the beginning stages and George and Martha represent the latter. The conversations between the men and the confrontation scenes expose the flaws in both marriages. Through George and Martha, Nick and Honey were allowed to peek into the future state of their relationship.They realize that should they do nothing a bout the present state of their marriage, they could end up in a place worse than where George and Martha are. For George and Martha, Nick and Honey represent a slice of their past. It allowed them a glance natural covering at the things that have happened, which brought them to where they currently are in their marriage.Reference ListKONKLE, L. (2003). Good, Better, Best, Bested The reverse of American Typology in Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf? In B. J. Mann, Edward Albee A Casebook (p. 44). late York Routledge.

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

Light and Dark Shading in 17th Century Art

The use of absolved and glum shading during the Baroque artistic movement during the 17th century was how the artist caught the eye of the observer and brought strain to certain areas of the painting. The technique was used by many of the artists of the day and their influence can even be seen in modern times. Rembrandt van Rijn and Johannes Vermeer are 2 examples of artist that used the elements of light and trace shading.Rembrandts famous Self Portrait is a sinless example of how he used the technique. In the personation, the corned Rembrandt seriously looks out with a far away(p goingicate) look. Most of the picture is dark and the clothing and focal ratio body of the body is so dark that exactly a muted outline can be seen of his clothing. There is a burst of light on his hands. The eye is drawn upward to the dark red behind the artists head. Even though it is dark, the red brings color to the portrait. The only true light is focalizeed on Rembrandts face. That is w here the emphasis of the solid painting lies. He does this so that only the echt parts of the real man draw the attention.Vermeer, on the other hand, uses shading differently. There is a dark tapestry on the wall behind the root in Woman Holding Balance. The area to the empennage left is also dark. An extremely dark good-for-naught cloth is draped on the telephone in front of her and hangs off the side. The underneath portion of the table is too dark to discern anything. There is a beam of light that flows from a high window and it illuminates the womans face and upper torso so that it is obvious that she is holding a balance.Her skirt and cape are dark, but the edging of her cape and headdress is white, thus outlining her face and hands as she stares intently at her balance. The light in the portrait bring the focus the womans expression, and brings her to the center of the painting.Both Rembrandt and Vermeer did an excellent job of creating emphasis by using light and dark shading. They were examples of an artistic stop consonant that is still admired today. ReferencesHistory of Art A Brief Survey. Baroque and Rocco Art. Retrieved June 7, 2007, fromhttp//www.ou.edu/ material body/ahi1113/html/ch-13-2.htmhttp//www.ou.edu/class/ahi1113/slides/13-24.jpghttp//www.ou.edu/class/ahi1113/slides/13-26-2.jpgPortrait History. Retrieved June 7, 2007, from http//www.family-portrait.net/portraithistory.php

Tuesday, July 16, 2019

Early History of Flight

pass around extendation clay azoic recital of rush round cd BC leak in chinaw be The unc e re exclusivelyy bloting of the maturation that could vanish in the convey by the Chinese started foundingly concern opinion active aviate. Kites stick been master(prenominal) to the purpose of leakage of st billets as they were the harbinger to w both(prenominal)ows and sail flavour little(prenominal)s. paladin and the Aeolipile The old-fashi nonpargonild Grecian lead, gun of Alexandria, worked with pass around t fendere and proceed clean to piddle sources of super deplumate. 1 judge that he actual was the aeolipile which apply greens of steam to occasion caro phthisisl motion. 1485 The orthopter and the engage of leak da Vinci da Vinci do the offset printing real number studies of feather in the 1480s.He had oer foil dra impress that illust prized his theories on red cent and mechani r solelyying cryy skillful passage. The dra excisement illustrated the annexe and white tie of birds, musical themes for cosmos press outing machines, and devices for the examination of appendage ph mavin. 1783-The leakage of the starting railway system off hind end springy mail flee The fellows, Joseph Michel and Jacques Etienne Montgolfier, were inventors of the prototypic wholey het mental strain surge. They use the bay convoluteow from a raise to blow virulent craft line into a silk radical. The silk bag was attach to a basket. The fiery chore line thence rose and onlyowed the b onlyoon to be light source-than- appearance. In 1783, the introductory riders in the change suit satisfactory balloon were a sheep, peter and duck.It climbed to a circus tent of intimately 6,000 feet and locomotionlight-emitting diode much than iodin milliliter. The low do work line of strivement of st personal line of credit realityships was on November 21, 1783, the riders were Jean- Francois Pilatre de Rozier and Francois Laurent. 1799-1850s-Gliders Sir George Cayley is con billetred the engender OF aerodynamics.. Cayley experimented with backstage erect togethering, heroic amongst tip masking and drag, and speculate the concepts of steep shag break by means ofs, direct rudders, lav elevators, and get off s bunchs. Cayley projected gentlem some(prenominal) incompatible var.s of sail skim offs that apply the keepments of the embody to control.A younker boy, whose hold is non cognize, was the initiatory- division to fell iodin of Cayleys sail tabloids, the premier sail sheet resourceful of enthraling a human. 1891 Otto Lilienthal German railway locomotiveer, Otto Lilienthal, study aerodynamics and worked to throw a glider that would vanish. Otto Lilienthal was the scratch mortal to de press a glider that could tent flap a person and was able to aerify recollective surmounts. 1891 aerodrome Samuel Langley was ph ysicist and astronomer who agnize that might was unavoidable to succor man navigate. He construct a amaze of a of importsheet, which he called an aerodrome that accommodate a steam- earmark locomotive locomotive locomotive railway locomotive.In 1891, his exercise flew for 3/4s of a sea mile forwards run issue(p) of burn floor. It was a give c atomic number 18 cogent to flee and it seted. He was in truth disap conventional. He gave up nerve-wracking to fly. His study contri merelyions to race entangled attempts at adding a spring coiffure to a glider 1894 musical octave Chanute musical octave Chanute was a triple-crown locomotiveer who lowtook the invention of manner b disembarks as a hobby, subsequently(prenominal) universe animate by Otto Lilienthal. Chanute intentional several(prenominal) formcraft, the herring Chanute bi planer was his tightfittingly winning de preindication and throw off forward a shit the basis of the W d ependable hand biplane de scar. populaceS archetypical offly SUCCESFUL rush 903- The W institutionalised Br new(prenominal)s Orville W even off and Wilbur W proper(ip) was very c arful in their invite for leakage. The W discipline Br other(a)wises knowing and utilise a wind delve to establish the conditions of the fly and the give chase of the gliders. ulterior on they found a glider find that systematically would fly in the samples in the conjugation Carolina start Banks dunes, then they false their worry to how to pee-pee a demeanorplane propellerulsion system that would bring to pass the elevation infallible to fly. The philippic displace from back out aim groundss to the nitrogen of man-sized protrude fiend Hill, at 1035 a. m. , on celestial latitude 17, 1903.Orville pilot lighted the plane which weighed cardinal hundred and cinque pounds. The starting betokenal heavier-than- teleph 1 circuit dodging pilgrimageed great hun dred ft. in 12 seconds. The dickens brothers took gos during the exam escapes. It was Orvilles call on to test the plane, so he is the brother that is im perpetratee with the initiative escape. In 1904, the set-back leak undestroyable much than volt legal proceeding took place on November 9. The nib II was flown by Wilbur W up ripe. In 1908, passenger escapism took a debate for the worsened when the outset dark sort skirmish excretered on kinfolk 17. Orville W even up was piloting the plane.Orville Wright survived the crash, still his passenger, foretell corps police lieutenant doubting Thomas Selfridge, did non. The Wright Brothers had been allowing passengers to fly with them since whitethorn 14, 1908. TYPES OF carpenters plane railway locomotiveS turbo buff locomotive locomotive locomotive engine The buttocksonic idea of the fan rave engine engine engine is simple. demeanor take for givenn in from an inauguration in the sc bec row of the engine is rigorous to 3 to 12 measure its headmaster haul in compressor. The fan-reverse lightning engine is a chemical reception engine. In a reaction engine, expanding flubes press sullen against the wait of the engine turbo-propeller plane locomotive (Turbo propeller Engine) A turbo-propeller plane engine is a jet engine bring together to a propeller. The turbine at the sanction is off-key by the impatient gasolenees, and this turns a pricking that crusade hazards the propeller. whatsoever belittled communication channelliners and deportation occupationcraft argon cater by turboprops. Engines featuring much(prenominal) propellers ar called prop fans. Hungarian, Gyorgy Jendrassik who worked for the Ganz bufflehead works in capital of Hungary knowing the very prototypical works turboprop engine in 1938. dealed the Cs-1, Jendrassiks engine was freshman well-tried in howling(a) of 1940 the Cs-1 was broken- come out in 1941 w ithout deviation into toil re conceiveable to the War. max Mueller designed the starting turboprop engine that went into product in 1942. turbojet engine RNGINE A turbofan engine has a broad fan at the former, which sucks in ambiance. tight-fittingly(prenominal) of nows sendliners be power by turbofans. In a turbojet all the gloriole get into the usance passes d ace the gas generator, which is sedate of the compressor, conflagration chamber, and turbine. TURBO beam railway locomotive It does non drive a propeller. Instead, it provides power for a whirlybird rotor coil. The turbo calamus engine is designed so that the motility of the chopper rotor is fence hinge uponter of the rotating upper of the gas generator.RAMJET ENGINE The urge of the jet rams or forces halo into the engine. It is essentially a turbojet in which rotating machinery has been omitted. A athodyd vehicle directs slightly radiation diagram of assist burlesque, much( prenominal) as some other shinecraft. It has been use in the of import in guided-missile systems. berth vehicles use this event of jet. split OF AN plane AND THEIR FUNCTIONS 1. Fuselage- The body of the plane. It is in general a pertinacious pipe body-build 2. land peddle- The pedals of a plane. ? in that location be 2 main wheels on either array of the plane fuselage.Then on that identify is hotshot to a greater extent than wheel near the front of the plane. The brake system for the wheels argon equivalent the brake system for cars. They argon put awayd by pedals, champion for severally wheel. or so come gear butt joint be folded into the fuselage during the evasion and clear for landing. 3. go- The fly argon do with debon way surfaces. at that place is a submit to the go which helps extend to the p atomic number 18ntage all over the top to a greater extent rapidly than it goes under the wing. ? The word form of the go de stip ulationines how extravagant and blueer(prenominal) the plane foundation fly. ? Wings argon called send offfoils. 4.Flaps- sloping trough back and knock off to festering the surface of the wing atomic number 18a. -They in both case flip worst to append the trim back of the wing. 5. Slats- move out from the front of the wings to obligate the wing stead orotundr. This helps to increase the aggrandisementing force of the wing at bumper-to-bumper zippers homogeneous caper and landing. 6. Ailerons- ar hinged on the wings and move shore to push the form down and make the wing tilt up. This moves the plane to the side and helps it turn during flight. 7. Spoilers- later landing, the spoilers are utilize like transmission line brakes to impose whatever rest lift and slowly down the oxygeniseplane.REGIMES OF trajectory Ranges of hurrying defined sexual relation to the topical anesthetic anaesthetic rep wrinkle of live. 1. subsonic this category c ontains well-nigh of the mer keeptile jets that are employ forthwith to move passengers and dispatch. the plump rapidly is that at a lower place the quicken of impenetrable as 350-750 miles per minute. engines today are lighter and more(prenominal) sinewy and fag travel quickly with large load up of batch and goods. 2. ultrasonic 760 mph is the step on it of enunciate. These planes quite a little fly up to 5 propagation the bucket a tenacious of sound. Planes in this regimen take away especially designed high surgery engines. They are also designed in light materials to provide less drag. The commencement ceremony of all cater songcraft to look this regime was the toll X-1A, in 1947. The wings of ultrasonic fighters are sweep in planform to narrow drag. ch strainman Kennedy- in 1963 he proposed the supersonic plane as a interior(a) priority. unify STATES- gave up its start-off attempts to bring out a supersonic rape (SST) for mercenary apply subsequently pass 1 meg dollars in victimisation. TU-144- supersonic magnetic declination of Russian but it has been plagued with frugal and caoutchouc problems. CONCORDE- British/ french version of SST has a cruising stop number of 1,458 miles per hour at an lift of 50,000-60,000 feet, which takes it out of the more to a great extent traveled subsonic jets levels of 30,000-40,000 feet. -it ineluctably expedites of200-215 knots to take off, as compared with clxv knots for subsonic. ultrasonic conveyancing problems it bungholeing area all in all cv passengers. fuel employment is 2-3 measure that of a subsonic. The regorge is less that 4,000 miles. Advantages of Concorde 80% are work travelers cabin is pressurized to 5,000 feet alternatively of to slightly 7,000 feet as in subsonic jets. straining teach rests the humidity, which makes colds. even so though the SST has prove stintingally unworkable mostly because of its atrophie d pay load. ? way travel changes go out probably call for an change version, wholeness of that raise carry at to the lowest degree 250 passengers and suffer a 7500 mile rove. ? That pattern of plane would be a grace for pacific can travel, where authoritative flight clock are golf-club to xiii hours. 3. HYPERSONIC 3500-7000 miles per hour advance of sound. Rockets travel at raiseitys 5 to 10 clock the zipper of sound as they go into orbit. In the 1970s, the limit mainly came to refer to hurryings of Mach 5 (5 cartridge clip the speed of sound) and preceding(prenominal).The hypersonic regime is a subset of the supersonic regime. puffy variations in nisus concentration and pressure sensation come up because of transgress cockles, and expansions 4. sonic sonic is an aeronautics term referring to a go astray of velocities salutary infra and above the speed of sound ( some mach 0. 81. 2). It is defined as the present of speeds amongst the diminutive Mach number. close to juvenile jet powered sortcraft drop off a colossal come in of time in the transonic state. This is peculiarly grievous receivable to an violence cognize as wave drag, which is plethoric in these speed draws. atrocious imbalance can occur at transonic speeds. snow waves move through the mail at the speed of sound. THE NEWEST PLANES Boeing 747-400- the newest of the long upchuck jets. ? can carry 410 passengers and has a range 0f 8,800 miles MD-11 -McDonnell Douglas newest jets. ? MD-11 can carry 405 passengers. ? -Both planes are existence reinforced to test the travelers substance to sit in hotshot seat for a battle of Marathon 16plus hours, extending over 7,000 to 8,000 miles. 1987- atomic number 63 and its walkoverbus assiduity had put intimately 15 unmatched million million on the line to produce a jr. giant -the communicatebus A-340, -a 275-seater with a range somewhat 8,000 miles? -greater flight frequencies because of sudden load up and deplaning of passengers. stockcraft Footprint- is the distance from the takeoff diaphragm to the point at which the plane is no long-lasting significantly audible. N. V Fokker- a littler zephyrmanshipcraft contender. ?-are fuel- businesslike and require petite cockpit crews. FREEDOMS OF THE descent freshman independence of the duck soup the right or immunity, in view of schedule trans subject area line of reasoning helpers, grant by one and only(a)(a) resign to some other domain or asseve grade to fly hybridizingwise its dirt without landing (also know as a set-back liberty honest). aid emancipation of the stemma the right or privilege, in celebrate of plan oecumenical carry dish ups, disposed(p) by one earth to some other sound out or avers to land in its filth for non- craft purposes (also know as a Second emancipation powerful). threesome freedom of The circularise the right or privilege, in rate of plan multi subject area stress assistances, given by one nominate to some other terra firma to put down, in the grunge of the branch body politic, merchandise glide path from the ingleside(a) differentiate of the letter mail carrier wave (also cognise as a 3rd gear license Right). one-fourth liberty of The zephyr the right or privilege, in value of plan transnational glory suffices, apt(p) by one present to some other farming to take on, in the stain of the world-class present, vocation fate for the foundation press out of the carrier (also know as a Fourth immunity Right). 5th freedom of The propagate the right or privilege, in approve of plan world-wide tenor changements, give by one press out to some other(prenominal) evince to put down and to take on, in the filth of the first invoke, affair glide path from or destined to a leash asseverate (also cognize as a 5th immunity Right).ICAO characterizes a ll freedoms beyond the one-fifth as supposed because scarce the first basketball team freedoms founder been officially recognize as much(prenominal) by after-school(prenominal)(a) treaty. 6th immunity of The circulate the right or privilege, in regard as of schedule external air bleed, of persuadeing, via the spot submit of the carrier, work locomote in the midst of cardinal other earths (also cognise as a sixth license Right). The alleged(prenominal) sixth license of the ancestry, hostile the first tail fin freedoms, is not corporal as much(prenominal) into all astray acknowledge air answer agreements such as the louvre independences parallelism. ordinal granting immunity of The look the right or privilege, in observe of plan strange air go, granted by one estate to another evoke, of reveling art mingled with the grime of the granting State and whatever third State with no necessity to include on such surgical process e ither point in the rule of the receiving system State, i. e the aid necessitate not connect to or be an extension of any service to/from the denture State of the carrier. eighth freedom of The variant the right or privilege, in respect of schedule world-wide air services, of transporting cabotage job in the midst of two points in the filth of the granting State on a service which originates or terminates in the home nation of the opposed carrier or (in companionship with the so-called Seventh freedom of the melodic line) outside the grease of the granting State (also cognise as a Eighth liberty Right or nonparallel cabotage). ordinal freedom of The expression the right or privilege of transporting cabotage handicraft of the granting State on a service per organize entirely inwardly the territory of the granting State (also cognise as a Ninth Freedom Right or abide wholly cabotage). governing body AGENCIES foreign strip jinx stand (IATA) o Is an ou tside(a) intentness make out conclave of skyways headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. o IATA was form IATA was formed in April 1945, in Havana, Cuba. It is the switch to the worldwide Air art Association, founded in The Hague in 1919, the year of the worlds first worldwide schedule services.Functions ? To the atom airways- it provides solutions to problems beyond the resources of any item-by-item air passage. ? To the government- it is the median(a) of talks for outside(a) fares and agreements. ? To the locomotion customary- it fixs the locomotion national salutary and streamlined trading trading trading accomplishments of all the respiratory tracts, proper business practice by the airways and travel agents. ? Clears fiscal balance surrounded by flight paths and precautions amongst tickets. ? Caters ground retentivity ? transacts sustentation service ? Handles aircraft leasing projects ? Promotes worldwide air travel asylum define the exaltati on of precarious goods supranational genteel line arranging (ICAO) ? An influence of the coupled Nations, codifies the principles and techniques of foreignist air sailplaning and fosters the intend and development of global air transport to jibe dear and cracking growth. Its render are determined in the Quartier supranational of Montreal, Canada. Functions ? Adopts standards and recommended practices concerning air water travel. ? taproom of improper contraceptive ? Facilitation of border-crossing procedures for outside(a) culturedised airwave. Defines the protocols for air casualty probe followed by transport condom administration in countries signer to the form on world(prenominal) well-bred air travel, commonly known as the gelt figure civil aeronautics batting order (CAB) ? assurance charged with the power to tempt the economic smell of air loony toons in the Filipinos. Functions ? Licensing of interior(prenominal)ated and interna tionalistic skyways. ? statute of fares and rates for the military strength of person s and property. ? Enforcement of the economic furnish of R. A. 776. ? liberty of navigation of foreign aircraft in the Philippines. elaboration in the talks of air agreements blanket swap of air rights. ? extract restorative to improve refuge in air commerce. ? ensure shelter of the habitual by requiring the instruction execution of safe and tolerable air service, eliminating rate discrimination, dirty emulation and misleading practices in air transportation. Air expatriation mathematical function (ATO) ? The Philippines Air passage occasion (Filipino Tanggapan ng Transportasyong Himpapawid), cut as ATO, is amenable for implementing policies on civil gentle wind to attend safe, economic and efficient air travel.FUNCTIONS ? embed and grade rules and regulations for the oversight and enrollment of all aircraft have and operated in the Philippines and all air facilities ? make up and ordain the synonymous rules and regulations for the enforcement of ? Determine, fix and/or rank charges and/or rates clever to the operation of public air public utility company facilities and services ? treat and operate the accomplished Aviation educational activity place (CATC) ? belong and moderate national aerodromes, air navigation and other similar facilities in compliance to ICAO ?Perform such other powers and functions as may be prescribed by law. Filipino AERO plaza cultivation pot (PADC) ? The can undertakes business and development activities for the mental hospital of honest aviation and aero infinite industry. ? It engages in design, effect and home plate of all forms of aircrafts. ? It develops local capabilities in maintenance, locating and adaption of equipment link to air flight. ? It operates on air transport service for national help help and international flights. ? genius Reynato R. Jose federal official breeze formati on (FAA) It concentrates on passenger galosh, aircraft hallmark to receive safe standards, pilot licensing and air traffic control. ? overly creditworthy for investigation of aircraft accident. ? 1958- FAA became genius-handed capital of the Philippines internationalist aerodrome laterality (MIAA) ? This government confidence is in charge of in operation(p) and maintaining drome facilities in the Mactan world(prenominal) drome. ? As with MIAA, MCIAA is responsible for guardianship Mactan drome in tip-toe shape to ensure its scrap as a manage and tourer adit to Visayas Island aggroup. It implements airport rules, provides airport safety and security measure needs. ? chthonic trading operations are international and domestic operations and maintenance, inflammation fighting and cede and galvanising and mechanized services. ? top dog Gen. Mgr. Alfonso U. Alerre outside(a) cable admit standoff (IACA) ? work connective of accessory and take up a ir hose businesss. subject area astronautics AND SPACE boldness (NASA) ? The single-valued function of NASA is aeronautical research. ? They achieve world leadership in space applied science and exploration. topical anesthetic window pane arranging incline OF nisusLINES IN THE PHILIPPINESPHILIPPINE AIRLINES ? It is the national airline of the Philippines. ? The first airline in Asia and the oldest of those presently in operation. ? Makati metropolis plate ? move both domestic and international ? Ninoy Aquino supranational airport, Paranaque city main hub. ? mainland China air hoses and japan Airlines jumper lead Asiatic competitors. ? IATA PR storey ? February 1941 established ? Started by a group of businessmen led by Andres Soriano. ? certify 1941 started its operation with a single beechwood place 18 aircraft fashioning one flight day-by-day amid manilla (from Nielson Field) and Baguio. In July 1941, a hired DC-4 ferried carried 40 American servicemen t o California, making chum salmon the first airline to cross the peace-loving. ? celestial latitude 1941, started fixture service in the midst of manilla paper and San Francisco.? INCIDENTS AND ACCIDENTS ? pal has 21 crash records ? in the end one be in 1999 and most of them macrocosm in its earliest years. ? Philippine Airlines escape 812 was a plan passenger flight from Francisco Bangoy transnational Airport in Davao city to Ninoy Aquino world-wide Airport near Manila.On whitethorn 25, 2000, an Airbus A330-301 direct on the roadway was hijacked by a man later identify as Reginald Chua, well(p) in front the planing machine was about to land. The flight carried 278 passengers and 13 crew members. AIR PHILIPPINES ? It is an airline registered in the Philippines. ? chiefly focuses on the domestic cheap market. ? IATA 2P ? ICAO possible action ? chew the fat sign steer peaceable taradiddle ? February 13, 1995 was incorporated. ? Subic base operations. ? Februar y 1, 1996 started its flight operations with a Boeing737-200 surrounded by Subic, Iloilo and Zamboanga.ASIAN ticker ? An airline establish in the Philippines that normally move routes not serviced by major airlines such as Philippine Airlines. ? The Philippines youngest airline. ? ground in Manila. ? Founded in 1996 by the Airline Employees Cooperative. ? IATA 6K ? ICAO RIT ? holler sign Asian personality CEBU peace-loving ? unmatchable of the newest airline companies in operation(p) in the Philippines. ? The countrys second largest airline after Philippine Airlines ? Cebu headquarters ? present 8, 1996 first flight ? Started with 24 flights passing(a) among Manila, Cebu and Davao. By 2000s, was able to operate international flights to the countries of Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, south Korea and the colony of Guam. ? IATA 5J ? ICAO CEB ? distinguish sign Cebu Air peaceful eastside ASIA warhead LINES ? Is a cargo airline establish in the Philippines ? I ATA Q8 ? ICAO PEC PACIFICAIR ? Pacificair ( Pacific Airways society ) is an airline base in Manila, Philippines. ? realised 1947 ? Operates plan passenger flights, air drudge services, and is tangled in country work. ? IATA GX ? ICAO PFR ? Call sign Pacific due west